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  What are Pondimin®, Redux™ and Fen-Phen?
  What exactly are the heart valve abnormalities associated with the use of Pondimin® and/or Redux™ ?
  What does "FDA Positive" mean?
  What is an Echocardiogram?
  Articles
 


 

What are Pondimin®, Redux™ and Fen-Phen?

 

Pondimin® (also known as fenfluramine), and Redux™ (also known as dexfenfluramine), are prescription diet drugs that were distributed through doctors and weight loss clinics. When Pondimin® and/or Redux™ were taken in combination with Phentermine, it was popularly referred to as Fen-Phen

 

 


 

What exactly are the heart valve abnormalities associated with the use of Pondimin® and/or Redux™ ?

 

The heart valve abnormalities that have appeared in some diet drug users occur in the two valves located on the left side of the heart. These valves are known as the aortic valve and the mitral valve. Both valves act like tiny gates in the heart, opening to allow blood to move forward through the heart, and closing in such a way that the blood cannot flow backwards. In some diet drug users, the aortic and/or mitral valves developed lesions that prevent the valves from closing properly. This allows the blood to flow backwards, creating a condition known as "regurgitation."

 


 

What does "FDA Positive" mean?

 

"FDA" simply refers to the Food and Drug Administration, which recognizes four levels of heart valve regurgitation: (1) trace or physiologic; (2) mild; (3) moderate and (4) severe. If you have been diagnosed as "FDA Positive," that means you have been diagnosed as having mild, moderate or severe regurgitation (levels 2, 3 or 4) of the aortic valve or moderate or severe regurgitation (levels 3 or 4) of the mitral valve.

 


 

What is an Echocardiogram?


An echocardiogram is a test in which sound waves are passed through the chest, creating a video image of the heart and its valves. It should not be confused with an electrocardiogram, in which sensors are placed at various locations on the body to generate a paper readout of heart activity.

 


 

Articles

· Humbert M, Nunes H, Sitbon O, Parent F, Herve P, Simonneau G. Risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001;22:459-475.[Medline Abstract]

· Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension: a national prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:216-223.[Medline Abstract]

·  Lucien Abenhaim, M.D., et al. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:609-616.[Abstract]

· Rich S, Kaufmann E, Levy PS. The effects of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1992;327:76-81.[Abstract]

· Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, McGoon MD, Caldwell EJ, Long WA, Levy PS. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension with long-term continuous intravenous prostacyclin. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:409-415.[Medline Abstract]

· Galie N, Manes A, Branzi A. Medical therapy of pulmonary hypertension: the prostacyclins. Clin Chest Med 2001;22:529-537.[ISI][Medline Abstract]

· Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1732-1739.[Abstract]

· Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002;346:896-903.[Abstract]

· Newman JH, Wheeler L, Lane KB, et al. Mutation in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II as a cause of primary pulmonary hypertension in a large kindred. N Engl J Med 2001;345:319-324.[Abstract]

· Thomson JR, Machado RD, Pauciulio MW, et al. Sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension is associated with germline mutations of the gene encoding BMPRII, a receptor of the TGF-beta family. J Med Genet 2000;37:741-745.[Abstract]

· Trembath RC, Thomson JR, Machado RD, et al. Clinical and molecular genetic features of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med 2001;345:325-334.[Abstract]

· Michelakis E, Weir EK. The pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension: smooth muscle cells and ion channels. Clin Chest Med 2001;22:419-432.[Medline Abstract]

· Cowan KN, Heilbut A, Humpl T, Lam C, Ito S, Rabinovitch M. Complete reversal of fatal pulmonary hypertension in rats by a serine elastase inhibitor. Nat Med 2000;6:698-702.[Medline Abstract]

 

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